Germanium is a hard and brittle material with a semi-metallic, grayish-white appearance. It has a density of 5.35 g/cc, a melting point of 937°C, and a vapor pressure of 10-4 Torr at 1,167°C. It is classified on the periodic table as a metalloid, which means it possesses properties of metals and non-metals. Like silicon, germanium is a semiconductor and frequently utilized in the fabrication of transistors and integrated circuits. It is often evaporated under vacuum to create layers in the production of optical storage media and optical coatings. Other uses of the material are as an alloying agent and catalyst.
| Material Type | Germanium |
| Symbol | Ge (N-type) |
| Atomic Weight | 72.63 |
| Atomic Number | 32 |
| Purity | 3N5-5N |
| Color/Appearance | Grayish White, Semi-Metallic |
| Thermal Conductivity | 60 W/m.K |
| Melting Point (°C) | 937 |
| Bulk Resistivity | 5-40 ohm-cm |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion | 6 x 10-6/K |
| Theoretical Density (g/cc) | 5.35 |
| Dopant | Antimony |
| Z Ratio | 0.516 |
| E-Beam | Excellent |
Vacuum evaporation means the evaporation materials are evaporated to atoms or molecules in vacuum by current heating, electron beam heating and laser heating. Atoms or molecules make rectilinear motion to impact substrate surface and condense to form films.
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